What is the role of the imam in congregational prayer, and what qualifies someone to lead?

The imam leads the congregation and sets the pattern everyone else follows: the Prophet said, 'The imam is appointed to be followed, so do not differ from him' — bowing, rising, and prostrating only after he does (Sahih al-Bukhari 722). Qualification to lead is based on merit rather than status. The Prophet taught that the person most proficient in reciting the Quran correctly should lead; if several are equally proficient, preference goes to the one most knowledgeable in the Sunnah, then the earliest to emigrate for Islam's sake, then the earliest convert (Sahih Muslim 673). A good imam recites clearly and at a measured pace, keeps the prayer reasonably concise out of consideration for the elderly, sick, and those with pressing needs, and ensures the rows are straight and gap-free before beginning, since the Prophet emphasized that straight rows are part of a sound, complete prayer. He should also be mindful of his own sincerity, since he carries responsibility for those following him. Where a congregation lacks an obviously superior reciter, any capable, practicing adult Muslim familiar with the essentials of prayer may lead.

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